• Conditional statements (if, else, else if, switch)
• Looping structures (for, while, do-while, for each)
• PHP Functions (built-in and custom)

• Types of arrays (indexed, associative, multidimensional)

• Creating and processing HTML forms
• $_GET and $_POST methods
• Form validation and sanitization

• Reading and writing files
• File handling functions (fopen, fread, fwrite, etc.)
• File uploading

• Classes and objects
• Constructors and destructors
• Inheritance and polymorphism
• Interfaces and traits
• Namespaces and autoloading

Error Handling & Debugging

• Types of errors in PHP (syntax, runtime, logical)
• Error reporting and handling (try-catch, exceptions)